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What is the difficulty of the 312-50V12 exam?
The 312-50v12 exam is EC-Council’s Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification exam.
This exam is difficult in the knowledge that needs to cover a wide range of security topics, including network security, system security, application security, cryptography, etc.
In addition, the exam also requires candidates to have hands-on experience and skills, so laboratory exercises and project practice are required to achieve the best results.
It is also important to note that the exam involves some technical terms and tools, which require candidates to have relevant basic knowledge and understanding.
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Question 1:
What would you enter if you wanted to perform a stealth scan using Nmap?
A. nmap -sM
B. nmap -sU
C. nmap -sS
D. nmap -sT
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
Boney, a professional hacker, targets an organization for financial benefits. He performs an attack by sending his session ID using a MITM attack technique. Boney first obtains a valid session ID by logging into a service and later feeds the same session 10 to the target employee.
The session ID links the target employee to the Boney account page without disclosing any information to the victim.
When the target employee clicks on the link, all the sensitive payment details entered in a form are linked to Boney’s account. What is the attack performed by Boney in the above scenario?
A. Session donation attack
B. Session fixation attack
C. Forbidden attack
D. CRIME attack
Correct Answer: A
In a session donation attack, the attacker donates their own session ID to the target user. In this attack, the attacker first obtains a valid session ID by logging into a service and later feeds the same session ID to the target user.
This session ID links a target user to the attacker\’s account page without disclosing any information to the victim.
When the target user clicks on the link and enters the details (username, password, payment details, etc.) in a form, the entered details are linked to the attacker\’s account.
To initiate this attack, the attacker can send their session ID using techniques such as cross-site cooking, a MITM attack, and session fixation. A session donation attack involves the following steps.
Question 3:
Andrew is an Ethical Hacker who was assigned the task of discovering all the active devices hidden by a restrictive firewall in the IPv4 range in a given target network.
Which of the following host discovery techniques must he use to perform the given task?
A. UDP scan
B. TCP Maimon scan
C. arp ping scan
D. ACK flag probe scan
Correct Answer: C
One of the most common Nmap usage scenarios is scanning an Ethernet LAN. Most LANs, especially those that use the private address range granted by RFC 1918, do not always use the overwhelming majority of IP addresses.
When Nmap attempts to send a raw IP packet, such as an ICMP echo request, the OS must determine a destination hardware (ARP) address, such as the target IP, so that the Ethernet frame can be properly addressed. ..
This is required to issue a series of ARP requests. This is best illustrated by an example where a ping scan is attempted against an Area Ethernet host. The -send-ip option tells Nmap to send IP-level packets (rather than raw Ethernet), even on area networks.
The Wireshark output of the three ARP requests and their timing has been pasted into the session. Raw IP ping scan example for offline targetsThis example took quite a couple of seconds to finish because the (Linux) OS sent three ARP requests at 1-second intervals before abandoning the host.
Waiting for a few seconds is excessive, as long as the ARP response usually arrives within a few milliseconds. Reducing this timeout period is not a priority for OS vendors, as the overwhelming majority of packets are sent to the host that actually exists.
Nmap, on the other hand, needs to send packets to 16 million IPs given a target like 10.0.0.0/8. Many targets are pinged in parallel, but waiting 2 seconds each is very delayed. There is another problem with raw IP ping scans on the LAN. If the destination host turns out to be unresponsive, as in the previous example, the source host usually adds an incomplete entry for that destination IP to the kernel ARP table.
ARP tablespaces are finite and some operating systems become unresponsive when full. If Nmap is used in rawIP mode (-send-ip), Nmap may have to wait a few minutes for the ARP cache entry to expire before continuing host discovery.
ARP scans solve both problems by giving Nmap the highest priority. Nmap issues raw ARP requests and handles retransmissions and timeout periods at its sole discretion. The system ARP cache is bypassed. The example shows the difference. This ARP scan takes just over a tenth of the time it takes for an equivalent IP.
Example b ARP ping scan of the offline target
In example b, neither the -PR option nor the -send-eth option has any effect. This is often because ARP has a default scan type on the Area Ethernet network when scanning Ethernet hosts that Nmap discovers. This includes traditional wired Ethernet as 802.11 wireless networks.
As mentioned above, ARP scanning is not only more efficient but also more accurate. Hosts frequently block IP-based ping packets, but usually cannot block ARP requests or responses and communicate over the network.
Nmap uses ARP instead of all targets on equivalent targets, even if different ping types (such as -PE and -PS) are specified. LAN. If you do not need to attempt an ARP scan at all, specify the end-ip as shown in Example a “Raw IP Ping Scan for Offline Targets”.
If you give Nmap control to send raw Ethernet frames, Nmap can also adjust the source MAC address. If you have the only PowerBook in your security conference room and a large ARP scan is initiated from an Apple-registered MAC address, your head may turn to you.
Use the -spoof-mac option to spoof the MAC address as described in the MAC Address Spoofing section.
Question 4:
What is the BEST alternative if you discover that a rootkit has been installed on one of your computers?
A. Copy the system files from a known good system
B. Perform a trap and trace
C. Delete the files and try to determine the source
D. Reload from a previous backup
E. Reload from known good media
Correct Answer: E
Question 5:
Harper, a software engineer, is developing an email application. To ensure the confidentiality of email messages. Harper uses a symmetric-key block cipher having a classical 12- or 16-round Feistel network with a block size of 64 bits for encryption, which includes large 8 x 32-bit S-boxes (S1, S2, S3, S4) based on bent functions, modular addition and subtraction, key-dependent rotation, and XOR operations.
This cipher also uses a masking key(Km1)and a rotation key (Kr1) for performing its functions. What is the algorithm employed by Harper to secure email messages?
A. CAST-128
B. AES
C. GOST block cipher
D. DES
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
A bank stores and processes sensitive privacy information related to home loans. However, auditing has never been enabled on the system. What is the first step that the bank should take before enabling the audit feature?
A. Perform a vulnerability scan of the system.
B. Determine the impact of enabling the audit feature.
C. Perform a cost/benefit analysis of the audit feature.
D. Allocate funds for staffing of audit log review.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You need to deploy a new web-based software package for your organization. The package requires three separate servers and needs to be available on the Internet. What is the recommended architecture in terms of server placement?
A. All three servers need to be placed internally
B. A web server facing the Internet, an application server on the internal network, a database server on the internal network
C. A web server and the database server facing the Internet, an application server on the internal network
D. All three servers need to face the Internet so that they can communicate with themselves
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
Which definition among those given below best describes a covert channel?
A. A server program using a port that is not well known.
B. Making use of a protocol in a way it is not intended to be used.
C. It is the multiplexing taking place on a communication link.
D. It is one of the weak channels used by WEP which makes it insecure
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
A friend of yours tells you that he downloaded and executed a file that was sent to him by a coworker. Since the file did nothing when executed, he asks you for help because he suspects that he may have installed a trojan on his computer.
what tests would you perform to determine whether his computer Is Infected?
A. Use ExifTool and check for malicious content.
B. You do not check; rather, you immediately restore a previous snapshot of the operating system.
C. Upload the file to VirusTotal.
D. Use Netstat and check for outgoing connections to strange IP addresses or domains.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
Daniel Is a professional hacker who Is attempting to perform an SQL injection attack on a target website. www.movlescope.com. During this process, he encountered an IDS that detects SQL Injection attempts based on predefined signatures.
To evade any comparison statement, he attempted placing characters such as `\’ or \’1\’=\’1″ In any bask injection statement such as “or 1=1.” Identify the evasion technique used by Daniel in the above scenario.
A. Null byte
B. IP fragmentation
C. Char encoding
D. Variation
Correct Answer: D
One may append the comment “? operator along with the String for the username and whole to avoid executing the password segment of the SQL query. Everything when the — operator would be considered as a comment and not dead.
To launch such an attack, the value passed for the name could be \’OR `1\’=`1\’; –Statement = “SELECT * FROM `CustomerDB\’ WHERE `name\’ = ` “+ userName + ” ` AND `password\’ = " + password + " ; “
Statement = “SELECT * FROM `CustomerDB\’ WHERE `name\’ = ` \’ OR `1\’=`1`;?+ ” ` AND `password\’ = ` ” + password + ” ` ; “
All the records from the customer database would be listed. Yet, another variation of the SQL Injection Attack can be conducted in DBMS systems that allow multiple SQL injection statements. Here, we will also create use of the vulnerability in sure dbms whereby a user-provided field isn’t strongly used in or isn’t checked for sort constraints.
This could take place once a numeric field is to be employed in a SQL statement; but, the programmer makes no checks to validate that the user-supplied input is numeric.
Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as “\’ or \’1\’=\’1\'” in any basic injection statement such as “or 1=1” or with other accepted SQL comments.
Evasion Technique: Variation Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as “\’ or \’1\’=\’1\'” in any basic injection statement such as “or 1=1” or with other accepted SQL comments.
The SQL interprets this as a comparison between two strings or characters instead of two numeric values. As the evaluation of two strings yields a true statement, similarly, the evaluation of two numeric values yields a true statement, thus rendering the evaluation of the complete query unaffected.
It is also possible to write many other signatures; thus, there are infinite possibilities for variation as well. The main aim of the attacker is to have a WHERE statement that is always evaluated as “true” so that any mathematical or string comparison can be used, where the SQL can perform the same.
Question 11:
Why containers are less secure than virtual machines?
A. Host OS on containers has a larger surface attack.
B. Containers may full fill the disk space of the host.
C. A compromise container may cause CPU starvation of the host.
D. Containers are attached to the same virtual network.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
A company\’s policy requires employees to perform file transfers using protocols that encrypt traffic. You suspect some employees are still performing file transfers using unencrypted protocols because the employees do not like changes.
You have positioned a network sniffer to capture traffic from the laptops used by employees in the data ingest department. Using Wireshark to examine the captured traffic, which command can be used as a display filter to find unencrypted file transfers?
A. tcp.port = = 21
B. tcp. port = 23
C. tcp.port = = 21 | | tcp.port = =22
D. tcp.port! = 21
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
ViruXine.W32 virus hides its presence by changing the underlying executable code.
This Virus code mutates while keeping the original algorithm intact, the code changes itself each time it runs, but the function of the code (its semantics) will not change at all.
Here is a section of the Virus code:
What is this technique called?
A. Polymorphic Virus
B. Metamorphic Virus
C. Dravidic Virus
D. Stealth Virus
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
Email is transmitted across the Internet using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol. SMTP does not encrypt email, leaving the information in the message vulnerable to being read by an unauthorized person.
SMTP can upgrade a connection between two mail servers to use TLS. Email transmitted by SMTP over TLS is encrypted. What is the name of the command used by SMTP to transmit email over TLS?
A. OPPORTUNISTICTLS
B. UPGRADETLS
C. FORCETLS
D. STARTTLS
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
Lewis, a professional hacker, targeted the loT cameras and devices used by a target venture-capital firm. He used an information-gathering tool to collect information about the loT devices connected to a network, open ports and services, and the attack surface area. Using this tool, he also generated statistical reports on broad usage patterns and trends.
This tool helped Lewis continually monitor every reachable server and device on the Internet, further allowing him to exploit these devices in the network. Which of the following tools was employed by Lewis in the above scenario?
A. Censys
B. Wapiti
C. NeuVector
D. Lacework
Correct Answer: A
Censys scans help the scientific community accurately study the Internet. The data is sometimes used to detect security problems and to inform operators of vulnerable systems so that they can fix them.
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